This folder contains daily averaged AOD (aerosol optical depth), calculated using GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, v12.1.1 [http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/geos]. Name of every file is: year_month_day. The first column in every file is longitude, the second column is latitude, and the third column is AOD. References: * Alexander, B., R.J. Park, D.J. Jacob, Q.B. Li, R.M. Yantosca, J. Savarino, C.C.W. Lee, and M.H. Thiemens, Sulfate formation in sea-salt aerosols: Constraints from oxygen isotopes, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10307, 2005. * Amos, H. M., D. J. Jacob, C. D. Holmes, J. A. Fisher, Q. Wang, R. M. Yantosca, E. S. Corbitt, E. Galarneau, A. P. Rutter, M. S. Gustin, A. Steffen, J. J. Schauer, J. A. Graydon, V. L. St. Louis, R. W. Talbot, E. S. Edgerton, Y. Zhang, and E. M. Sunderland, Gas-Particle Partitioning of Atmopsheric Hg(II) and Its Effect on Global Mercury Deposition, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 591-603, 2012. * Bates, K.H., and D.J. Jacob, A new model mechanism for atmospheric oxidation of isoprene: global effects on oxidants, nitrogen oxides, organic products, and secondary organic aerosol, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9613-9640, 2019. * Bates, K.H., Jacob, D.J., Wang, S., Hornbrook, R.S., Apel, E.C., Kim, M.J., Millet, D.B., Wells, K.C., Chen, X., Brewer, J.F., Ray, E.A., Diskin, G.S., Commane, R., Daube, B.C. and Wofsy, S.C., The global budget of atmospheric methanol: new constraints on secondary, oceanic, and terrestrial source, J. Geophys. Res., 126,  e2020JD033439, 2021.  * Bates, K.H., D.J. Jacob, K. Li, P. Ivatt, M.J. Evans, Y. Yan, and J. Lin, Development and evaluation of a new compact mechanism for aromatic oxidation in atmospheric models [preprint], Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2021-605, in review, 2021. * Bey, I., D. J. Jacob, R. M. Yantosca, J. A. Logan, B. Field, A. M. Fiore, Q. Li, H. Liu, L. J. Mickley, and M. Schultz, Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: Model description and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23,073-23,096, 2001. * Bian, H. S., and M. J. Prather, Fast-J2: Accurate simulation of stratospheric photolysis in global chemical models, J. Atmos. Chem., 41, 281-296, 2002. * Bindle, L., R.V. Martin, M.J. Cooper, E.W. Lundgren, S.D. Eastham, B.M. Auer, T.L. Clune, H. Weng, J. Lin, L.T. Murray, J. Meng, C.A. Keller, S. Pawson, and D.J. Jacob, Grid-stretching capability for the GEOS-Chem 13.0.0 atmospheric chemistry model , Geophys. Model Dev. Discuss, [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-398, in review, 2021. * Bouwman, A. F., D. S. Lee, W. A. H. Asman, F. J. Dentener, K. W. Van Der Hoek, and J. G. J. Olivier (1997), A global high-resolution emission inventory for ammonia, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 11(4), 561-587. * Breider, T.J., L.J. Mickley, D.J. Jacob, C. Ge, J. Wang, M.P. Sulprizio, B. Croft, D.A. Ridley, J.R. McConnell, S. Sharma, L. Husain, V.A. Dutkiewicz, K. Eleftheriadis, H. Skov, and P.K. Hopke, Multi-decadal trends in aerosol radiative forcing over the Arctic: contribution of changes in anthropogenic aerosol to Arctic warming since 1980, J. Geophys. Res., 122(6), 3573-3594, doi:10.1002/2016JD025321, 2017. * Chen, Q., J.A. Schmidt, V. Shah, L. Jaegle, T. Sherwen, and B. Alexander, Sulfate production by reactive bromine: Implications for the global sulfur and reactive bromine budgets, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 7069-7078, 2017. * Chen, X., Millet, D. B., Singh, H. B., Wisthaler, A., Apel, E. C., Atlas, E. L., Blake, D. R., Bourgeois, I., Brown, S. S., Crounse, J. D., de Gouw, J. A., Flocke, F. M., Fried, A., Heikes, B. G., Hornbrook, R. S., Mikoviny, T., Min, K.-E., M??ller, M., Neuman, J. A., O'Sullivan, D. W., Peischl, J., Pfister, G. G., Richter, D., Roberts, J. M., Ryerson, T. B., Shertz, S. R., Thompson, C. R., Treadaway, V., Veres, P. R., Walega, J., Warneke, C., Washenfelder, R. A., Weibring, P., and Yuan, B., On the sources and sinks of atmospheric VOCs: an integrated analysis of recent aircraft campaigns over North America, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 9097-9123, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-9097-2019, 2019. * Corbitt, E.S., D.J. Jacob, C.D. Holmes, D.G. Streets, and E.M. Sunderland, Global mercury source-receptor relationships for mercury deposition under present-day and 2050 emissions scenarios, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 10477-10484, 2011. * Crippa, M., et al., Gridded emissions of air pollutants for the period 1970-2012 within EDGAR v4.3.2, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1987-2013, doi:10.5194/essd-10-1987-2018, 2018. * Croft, B., G. R. Wentworth, R. V. Martin, W. R. Leaitch, J. G. Murphy, B. N. Murphy, J. K. Kodros, J. P. D. Abbatt and J. R. Pierce, Contribution of Arctic seabird-colony ammonia to atmospheric particles and cloud-albedo radiative effect, Nat. Commun., 7:13444, doi:10.1038/ncomms13444, 2016. * Damian, V., A. Sandu, M. Damian, F. Potra, and G.R. Carmichael, The Kinetic PreProcessor KPP-A software environment for solving chemical kinetics, Computers and Chem. Engr., 26(11), 1567-1579, 2002. * Eastham, S.D., Weisenstein, D.K., Barrett, S.R.H., Development and evaluation of the unified tropospheric-stratospheric chemistry extension (UCX) for the global chemistry-transport model GEOS-Chem, Atmos. Env., 89, 2014. * Eastham, S.D., M.S. Long, C.A. Keller, E. Lundgren, R.M. Yantosca, J. Zhuang, C. Li, C.J. Lee, M. Yannetti, B.M. Auer, T.L. Clune, J. Kouatchou, W.M. Putman, M.A. Thompson, A.L. Trayanov, A.M. Molod, R.V. Martin, and D.J. Jacob, GEOS-Chem High Performance (GCHP): A next-generation implementation of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model for massively parallel applications , Geosci. Mod. Dev., 11, 2941-2953, 2018. * Emerson, E.W., A.L. Hodshire, H.M. DeBolt, K.R. Bilsback, J.R. Pierce, G.R. McMeeking, and D.K. Farmer, Revisiting particle dry deposition and its role in radiative effect estimates, PNAS, 117, 26076-26082, 2020. * Fairlie, T.D., D.J. Jacob, and R.J. Park, The impact of transpacific transport of mineral dust in the United States, Atmos. Environ., 1251-1266, 2007. * Fairlie, T.D., D.J. Jacob, J.E. Dibb, B. Alexander, M.A. Avery, A. van Donkelaar, and L. Zhang, Impact of mineral dust on nitrate, sulfate, and ozone in transpacific Asian pollution plumes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 3999-4012, doi:10.5194/acp-10-3999-2010, 2010. * Feng, X., Lin, H., Fu, T.-M., Sulprizio, M. P., Zhuang, J., Jacob, D. J., Tian, H., Ma, Y., Zhang, L., Wang, X., and Chen, Q.: WRF-GC (v2.0): online two-way coupling of WRF (v3.9.1.1) and GEOS-Chem (v12.7.2) for modeling regional atmospheric chemistry-meteorology interactions, Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2020-441, in review, 2021. * Fischer, E.V., D.J. Jacob, D.B. Millet, R.M. Yantosca, and J. Mao, The role of the ocean in the global atmospheric budget of acetone, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L01807, 2012. * Fischer, E.V., D.J. Jacob, R.M. Yantosca, M.P. Sulprizio, D.B. Millet, J. Mao, F. Paulot, H.B. Singh, A.-E. Roiger, L. Ries, R.W. Talbot, K. Dzepina, and S. Pandey Deolal, Atmospheric peroxyacetylnitrate (PAN): a global budget and source attribution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2679-2698, 2014. * Fisher, J.A., D.J. Jacob, M.T. Purdy, M. Kopacz, P. Le Sager, C. Carouge, C.D. Holmes, R.M. Yantosca, R.L. Batchelor, K. Strong, G.S. Diskin, H.E. Fuelberg, J.S. Holloway, E.J. Hyer, W.W. McMillan, J. Warner, D.G. Streets, Q. Zhang, Y. Wang, and S. Wu, Source attribution and interannual variability of Arctic pollution in spring constrained by aircraft (ARCTAS, ARCPAC) and satellite (AIRS) observations of carbon monoxide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 977-996, 2010. * Fisher, J.A., D.J. Jacob, Q. Wang, R. Bahreini, C.C. Carouge, M.J. Cubison, J.E. Dibb, T. Diehl, J.L. Jimenez, E.M. Leibensperger, M.B.J. Meinders, H.O.T. Pye, P.K. Quinn, S. Sharma, A. van Donkelaar, and R.M. Yantosca, Sources, distribution, and acidity of sulfate-ammonium aerosol in the Arctic in winter-spring, Atmos. Environ., 45, 7301-7318, 2011. * Fisher, J.A., D.J. Jacob, A.L. Soerensen, H.M. Amos, A. Steffen, and E.M. Sunderland, Riverine source of Arctic Ocean mercury inferred from atmospheric observations, Nature Geoscience, 5, 499-504, 2012. * Fisher, J.A., D.J. Jacob, A.L. Soerensen, H.M. Amos, E.S. Corbitt, D.G. Streets, Q. Wang, R.M. Yantosca, and E.M. Sunderland, Factors driving mercury variability in the Arctic atmosphere and ocean over the past thirty years, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 27, 1226-1235, 2013. * Fisher, J.A., L.T. Murray, D.B.A. Jones, and N.M. Deutscher, Improved method for linear carbon monoxide simulation and source attribution in atmospheric chemistry models illustrated using GEOS-Chem v9, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4129-4144, 2017. * Fisher, J.A., E.L. Atlas, B. Barletta, S. Meinardi, D.R. Blake, C.R. Thompson, T.B. Ryerson, J. Peischl, Z.A. Tzompa-Sosa, and L.T. Murray, Methyl, Ethyl, and Propyl Nitrates: Global Distribution and Impacts on Reactive Nitrogen in Remote Marine Environments, J. Geophys. Res., 123, 12,429-12,451, 2018. * Fountoukis, C., and A. Nenes, ISORROPIA II: A computationally efficient thermodynamic equilibrium model for K+-Ca2+-Mg2+-NH4+-Na+-SO42-NO3--Cl-H2O aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7(17), 4639-4659, 2007. * Franks, P.J., et al., Sensitivity of plants to changing atmospheric CO2 concentration: from the geological past to the next century, New Phytologist, 197.4, 1077-1094, 2013. * Friedman, C.L., Y. Zhang, and N.E. Selin, Climate change and emissions impacts on atmospheric PAH transport to the Arctic, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48 (1), 429-437, 2014 * Guenther, A.B., Jiang, X., Heald, C.L., Sakulyanontvittaya, T., Duhl, T., Emmons, L.K., and Wang, X., The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions, Geosci. Model Dev., 5, 1471-1492, doi:10.5194/gmd-5-1471-2012, 2012. * Hammer M.S., R.V. Martin, A van Donkelaar, V. Buchard, O. Torres, D.A. Ridley, and R.J.D. Spurr, Interpreting the ultraviolet aerosol index observed with the OMI satellite instrument to understand absorption by organic aerosols: Implications for atmospheric oxidation and direct radiative effects, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 2507-2523, doi:10.5194/acp-16-2507-2016, 2016. * Heald, C.L., D.A. Ridley, J.H. Kroll, S.R.H. Barrett, K.E. Cady-Pereira, M.J. Alvarado, C.D. Holmes, Beyond Direct Radiative Forcing: The Case for Characterizing the Direct Radiative Effect of Aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5513-5527, doi:10.5194/acp-14-5513-2014, 2014. * Henze, D. K., A. Hakami, and J. H. Seinfeld, Development of the adjoint of GEOS-Chem, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2413-2433, 2007. . Beyond Direct Radiative Forcing: The Case for Characterizing the Direct Radiative Effect of Aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5513-5527, doi:10.5194/acp-14-5513-2014, 2014. * Holmes, C.D., M. J. Prather, O.A. S??vde, and G. Myhre, Future methane, hydroxyl, and their uncertainties: key climate and emission parameters for future predictions, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 285-302, doi:10.5194/acp-13-285-2013, 2013. * Holmes, C. D., Prather, M. J., and Vinken, G. C. M., The climate impact of ship NOx emissions: an improved estimate accounting for plume chemistry, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 6801-6812, doi:10.5194/acp-14-6801-2014, 2014. * Holmes, C. D., Bertram, T. H., Confer, K. L., Graham, K. A., Ronan, A. C., Wirks, C. K., & Shah, V., The role of clouds in the tropospheric NOx cycle: A new modeling approach for cloud chemistry and its global implications, Geophysical Research Letters, 46(9), 4980-4990. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL081990, 2019. * Horowitz, H.M., D.J. Jacob, Y. Zhang, T.S. Dibble, F. Slemr, H.M. Amos, J.A. Schmidt, E.S. Corbitt, E.A. Marais, and E.M. Sunderland, A new mechanism for atmospheric mercury redox chemistry: implications for the global mercury budget, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 6353-6371, 2017. * Hu, L., D.B. Millet, M. Baasandorj, T.J. Griffis, P. Turner, D. Helmig, A.J. Curtis, and J. Hueber, Isoprene emissions and impacts over an ecological transition region in the US Upper Midwest inferred from tall tower measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 3553-3571, doi: 10.1002/2014JD022732, 2015. * Hu, L., C. A. Keller, M. S. Long, T. Sherwen, B. Auer, A. Da Silva, J. E. Nielsen, S. Pawson, M. A. Thompson, A. L. Trayanov, K. R. Travis, S. K. Grange, M. J. Evans, and D. J. Jacob, Global simulation of tropospheric chemistry at 12.5?ˆ‰km resolution: performance and evaluation of the GEOS-Chem chemical module (v10-1) within the NASA GEOS Earth System Model (GEOS-5 ESM), Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4603-4620, 2018 * Huang, J. and Jaegl?, L.: Wintertime enhancements of sea salt aerosol in polar regions consistent with a sea ice source from blowing snow, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3699–3712, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-3699-2017, 2017. * Hudman, R.C., N.E. Moore, R.V. Martin, A.R. Russell, A.K. Mebust, L.C. Valin, and R.C. Cohen, A mechanistic model of global soil nitric oxide emissions: implementation and space based-constraints, Atm. Chem. Phys., 12, 7779-7795, doi:10.5194/acp-12-7779-2012, 2012. * Jaegle, L., P.K. Quinn, T. Bates, B. Alexander, and J.-T. Lin, Global distribution of sea salt aerosols: New constraints from in situ and remote sensing observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 3137-3157, doi:10.5194/acp-11-3137-2011, 2011. * Jaegle, L., Shah, V.,et al., Nitrogen oxides emissions, chemistry, deposition, and export over the Northeast United States during the WINTER aircraft campaign, J. Geophys. Res.: Atmospheres, 123, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029133, 2018. * Kasibhatla, P., Sherwen, T., Evans, M. J., Carpenter, L. J., Alexander, B., Chen, Q., Sulprizio, M. P., Lee, J. D., Read, K. A., Bloss, W., Crilley, L. R., Keene, W. C., Pszenny, A. A. P., and Hodzic, A., Global impact of nitrate photolysis in sea-salt aerosol on NOx, OH, and O4 in the marine boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 11185-11203, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-11185-2018, 2018. * Keller, C.A., M.S. Long, R.M. Yantosca, A.M. Da Silva, S. Pawson, and D.J. Jacob, HEMCO v1.0: A versatile, ESMF-compliant component for calculating emissions in atmospheric models, Geosci. Model Devel., 7, 1409-1417, 2014. * Kim, P.S., D.J. Jacob, J.A. Fisher, K. Travis, K. Yu, L. Zhu, R.M. Yantosca, M.P. Sulprizio, J.L. Jimenez, P. Campuzano-Jost, K.D. Froyd, J. Liao, J.W. Hair, M.A. Fenn, C.F. Butler, N.L. Wagner, T.D. Gordon, A. Welti, P.O. Wennberg, J.D. Crounse, J.M. St. Clair, A.P. Teng, D.B. Millet, J.P. Schwarz, M.Z. Markovic, and A.E. Perring, Sources, seasonality, and trends of Southeast US aerosol: an integrated analysis of surface, aircraft, and satellite observations with the GEOS-Chem model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 10,411-10,433, 2015. * Kodros, J. K., Pierce, J. R.: Important global and regional differences in cloud-albedo aerosol indirect effect estimates between simulations with and without prognostic aerosol microphysics, J. Geophys. Res., 122, doi:10.1002/2016JD025886, 2017. * Kwon, H.-A., R.J. Park, Y.J. Oak, .C..R. Nowland, S.J. Janz, M. Kowalewski, A. Fried, J. Walega, K.H. Bates, J. Choi, D.R. Blake, A, Wisthaler, J.-H. Woo, Top-down estimates of anthropogenic VOC emissions in South Korea using formaldehyde vertical column densities from aircraft during the KORUS-AQ campaign, Elementa, 9, 00109, 2021. * Lana, A., Bell, T. G., Sim??, R., Vallina, S. M., Ballabrera-Poy, J., Kettle, A. J., Dachs, J., Bopp, L., Saltzman, E. S., Stefels, J., Johnson, J. E., and Liss, P. S.: An updated climatology of surface dimethlysulfide concentrations and emission fluxes in the global ocean, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 25, doi:10.1029/2010gb003850, 2011. * Latimer, R.N.C., and R.V. Martin, Interpretation of measured aerosol mass scattering efficiency over North America using a chemical transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 2635-2653, 2019. * Leibensperger, E.M., L.J. Mickley, D.J. Jacob, W.-T. Chen, J.H. Seinfeld, A. Nenes, P.J. Adams, D.G. Streets, N. Kumar, D. Rind, Climatic effects of 1950-2050 changes in US anthropogenic aerosols - Part 1: Aerosol trends and radiative forcing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3,333-3,348, 2012. * Li, M., Zhang, Q., Streets, D.G., He, K.B., Cheng, Y.F., Emmons, L.K., Huo, H., Kang, S.C., Lu, Z., Shao, M., Su, H., Yu, X., and Zhang, Y., Mapping Asian anthropogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds to multiple chemical mechanisms, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 5617-5638, doi:10.5194/acp-14-5617-2014, 2014. * Lin, H., Xu Feng, Tzung-May Fu, Heng Tian, Yaping Ma, Lijuan Zhang, Daniel J. Jacob, Robert M. Yantosca, Melissa P. Sulprizio, Elizabeth W. Lundgren, Jiawei Zhuang, Qiang Zhang, Xiao Lu, Lin Zhang, Lu Shen, Jianping Guo, Sebastian D. Eastham, and Christoph A. Keller, WRF-GC: online coupling of WRF and GEOS-Chem for regional atmospheric chemistry modeling, Part 1: description of the one-way model (v1.0), Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3241-3265, 2020. * Lin, H., D.J. Jacob, E.W. Lundgren, M.P. Sulprizio, C.A. Keller, T.M. Fritz, S.D. Eastham, L.K. Emmons, P.C. Campbell, B. Baker, R.D. Saylor, and R. Montuoro, Harmonized Emissions Component (HEMCO) 3.0 as a versatile emissions component for atmospheric models: application in the GEOS-Chem, NASA GEOS, WRF-GC, CESM2, NOAA GEFS-Aerosol, and NOAA UFS models , Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. [preprint], * Lin, J.-T., and M. McElroy, Impacts of boundary layer mixing on pollutant vertical profiles in the lower troposphere: Implications to satellite remote sensing, Atmospheric Environment, 44(14), 1726-1739, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.009, 2010. * Lin, S.-J., and R.B. Rood, 1996: Multidimensional flux form semi-Lagrangian transport schemes, Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2046-2070. * Liu, H., D.J. Jacob, I. Bey, and R.M. Yantosca, Constraints from 210Pb and 7Be on wet deposition and transporting a global threee-dimensional chemical tracer model driven by asimilated meteorological fields, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12,109-12,128, 2001. * Xiao Liu, Xing Gao, Xinbin Wu, Weilin Yu, Lulu Chen, Ruijing Ni, Yu Zhao, Hongwei Duan, Fuming Zhao, Lilin Chen, Shengming Gao, Ke Xu, Jintai Lin, and Anthony Y. Ku, Updated Hourly Emissions Factors for Chinese Power Plants Showing the Impact of Widespread Ultralow Emissions Technology Deployment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 2570-2578, 2019. * Long, M.S., R. Yantosca, J.E. Nielsen, C.A. Keller, A. da Silva, M.P. Sulprizio., S. Pawson, D.J. Jacob, Development of a grid-independent GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (v9-02) as an atmospheric chemistry module for Earth System Models, Geosci. Model. Dev., 8, 595-602, 2015. * Xiao Lu, Lin Zhang, Tongwen Wu, Michael S. Long, Jun Wang, Daniel J. Jacob, Fang Zhang, Jie Zhang, Sebastian D. Eastham, Lu Hu, Lei Zhu, Xiong Liu, and Min Wei, Development of the global atmospheric general circulation-chemistry model BCC-GEOS-Chem v1.0: model description and evaluation, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 3817?ˆ“3838, 2020. * G. Luo, F. Yu, J. Schwab, Revised treatment of wet scavenging processes dramatically improves GEOS-Chem 12.0.0 simulations of nitric acid, nitrate, and ammonium over the United States, Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 3439-3447, 2019. * Luo, G., Yu, F., and Moch, J. M.: Further improvement of wet process treatments in GEOS-Chem v12.6.0: impact on global distributions of aerosols and aerosol precursors, Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 2879–2903, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-2879-2020, 2020. * Maasakkers, J.D., D.J. Jacob, M.P. Sulprizio, T. Scarpelli, H. Nesser, J.-X. Sheng, Y. Zhang, M. Hersher, A.A. Bloom, K.W. Bowman, J.R. Worden, G. Janssens-Maenhout, and R.J. Parker, Global distribution of methane emissions, emission trends, and OH concentrations and trends inferred from an inversion of GOSAT satellite data for 2010-2015, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 7859-7881, 2019. * Mao, J., D.J. Jacob, M.J. Evans, J.R. Olson, X. Ren, W.H. Brune, J.M. St. Clair, J.D. Crounse, K.M. Spencer, M.R. Beaver, P.O. Wennberg, M.J. Cubison, J.L. Jimenez, A. Fried, P. Weibring, J.G. Walega, S.R. Hall, A.J. Weinheimer, R.C. Cohen, G. Chen, J.H. Crawford, L. Jaegl?, J.A. Fisher, R.M. Yantosca, P. Le Sager, and C. Carouge, Chemistry of hydrogen oxide radicals (HOx) in the Arctic troposphere in spring, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5823-5838, 2010. * Mao, J., S. Fan, D.J. Jacob, K.R. Travis, Radical loss in the atmosphere from Cu-Fe redox coupling in aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys, 13,509-519, 2013. * Marais, E. and C. Wiedinmyer, Air quality impact of Diffuse and Inefficient Combustion Emissions in Africa (DICE-Africa), Environ. Sci. Technol., 50(19), 10739-10745, doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b02602, 2016. * Marais, E. A., D. J. Jacob, J. L. Jimenez, P. Campuzano-Jost, D. A. Day, W. Hu, J. Krechmer, L. Zhu, P. S. Kim, C. C. Miller, J. A. Fisher, K. Travis, K. Yu, T. F. Hanisco, G. M. Wolfe, H. L. Arkinson, H. O. T. Pye, K. D. Froyd, J. Liao, V. F. 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